It was a bicoastal meeting of the computer minds: ELIZA was based at MIT, PARRY at Stanford.Īnd the results of this were. In January 1973, as a demonstration during an international computer conference, the computer science pioneer Vint Cerf decided to take the bots to their logical conclusion: Using ARPANET, he set up a conversation between ELIZA and PARRY. PARRY was, Colby said, "ELIZA with attitude." And in 1972, the Stanford scientist Kenneth Colby created another program, PARRY-a bot that tried to model the behavior of a paranoid schizophrenic. It was meant to mimic a psychotherapist (which allowed it to adopt "the pose of knowing almost nothing of the real world") he named it ELIZA. ![]() If not, it would offer a generic response. The early chatbot searched for keywords in conversations conducted with human typers if the human used one of those words, the program would use it in its reply. In 1966, the computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum created a program that seemed to be a contender for Turing Test passage. For another thing, though, there have been other programs that have claimed Turing Test passage.Īnd t wo of them, one time, talked to each other. Whether this marks the first beating of the Turing Test, the pioneering computer scientist's trial for artificial intelligence, remains a matter of debate for one thing, one of Turing's qualifications was that the human-fooling be done repeatedly. Judgment can compare apples and oranges, and can do so without quantifying each fruit type and then reductively quantifying each to factors necessary for comparison" (Wikipedia article on Joseph Weizenbaum, accessed 06-15-2014).This weekend, to mark the 60th anniversary of Alan Turing's death, a chatbot named Eugene Goostman -a program pretending to be a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy-fooled one of three assembled judges into thinking that he it is human. Comprehensive human judgment is able to include non-mathematical factors, such as emotions. It is the capacity to choose that ultimately makes us human. Choice, however, is the product of judgment, not calculation. Deciding is a computational activity, something that can ultimately be programmed. Weizenbaum makes the crucial distinction between deciding and choosing. "His influential 1976 book Computer Power and Human Reason displays his ambivalence towards computer technology and lays out his case: while Artificial Intelligence may be possible, we should never allow computers to make important decisions because computers will always lack human qualities such as compassion and wisdom. He started to think philosophically about the implications of artificial intelligence and later became one of its leading critics. ![]() "Weizenbaum was shocked that his program was taken seriously by many users, who would open their hearts to it. It was one of the first chatterbots in existence" (Wikipedia article on ELIZA, accessed 06-15-2014). A Conversation With The ELIZA Chatbot Via Wikimedia Commons Public DomainSome interesting things happened in 1964.The world had its first lung transplant, Beatlemania went wild, and Cassius. "When the "patient" exceeded the very small knowledge base, DOCTOR might provide a generic response, for example, responding to "My head hurts" with "Why do you say your head hurts?" A possible response to "My mother hates me" would be "Who else in your family hates you?" ELIZA was implemented using simple pattern matching techniques, but was taken seriously by several of its users, even after Weizenbaum explained to them how it worked. ELIZA developed by Joseph Weizenbaum in the mid-1960s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), is one of the most iconic and influential chatbots in the history of artificial. The program applied pattern matching rules to statements to figure out its replies. Using almost no information about human thought or emotion, DOCTOR sometimes provided a startlingly human-like interaction. Weizenbaum modeled its conversational style after Carl Rogers, who introduced the use of open-ended questions to encourage patients to communicate more effectively with therapists. The program operated by processing users' responses to scripts, the most famous of which was DOCTOR, which was capable of engaging humans in a conversation which bore a striking resemblance to one with an empathic psychologist. This program, named after the ingenue in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, was an early example of primitive natural language processing. Between 19 German and American computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT wrote the computer program ELIZA.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |